There are two types of judgments: one is that on the third day after the death of a person, a goddess named Daena was taken to the Bridge of Referee for trial.
Daena means conscience. After judgment, the good will enter heaven, while the evil will enter hell, and those who are mixed with good and evil will enter the third state, which is dark, without happiness or sorrow.
The second is: all souls must be judged last at the end of the world, and the human soul can be resurrected from sin.
Zoroastrian dualism has had different degrees of influence on Manichi that later became popular in Persia and Central Asia, Semitic religion and Judaism in the Middle East, heretical Gnosticism in Christianity, Pythagoras and Heraclitus in Greek and Roman philosophy.
The main classic of Zent-Avesta is Zent-Avesta, also known as the "Ancient Persian Sutra", which is the only classic for studying Persian religion.
Doctrine is summarized as theological monism and philosophical dualism.
It is believed that there were two kinds of gods in the early days of the universe. The good god was Ahura Mazda, which means the incarnation of wisdom, light, life, creation, good deeds, virtue, order, and truth. The evil god was Angelamann, who was the incarnation of darkness, death, destruction, lies, and evil deeds. In the end, the good god defeated the evil god and became the only master of existence in the world. In addition to recording Iran's religious myths, hymns, rituals, and precepts, the ancient Persian scriptures also include its national origin, history, folk legends, heroic epics, etc.; the descriptions of angels and devils in Persian religion, as well as their apocalyptic concepts and end-day judgments, undoubtedly had a certain impact on Judaism at that time, and were later inherited by Christianity.
The meaning of Avista is the same as that of Indian Vedic children, which is called wisdom, and the meaning of holy special is the commentary.
The sage is the ancient Persian holy language, but this annotation is written in the Pahlavi language, that is, Persian.
It mainly records Zoroasted's life and teachings.
There were originally twenty-one volumes. After Alexander the Great conquered Persia, he believed that the Persians who believed in Zoroastrianism were too brave to fight, so he destroyed all the classics of Zoroastrianism. The only one volume of Avista survived, and a complete twenty-one volume copy left in Greece was later lost.
During the Persian Sassanid dynasty, Zoroastrianism was revived, and this volume of "Avista" was pieced together and completed into twenty-one volumes, but it was no longer the same as the original version.
Vorocchix I of the Salvation Dynasty at the beginning of the third century AD ordered the re-collect and sorting of contents circulating orally in words; after the establishment of the Sassanid dynasty, this work continued, and the twenty-one volumes of "Avista" were finally completed during the reign of Shapur II, which mainly records Zoroasted's life and doctrine.
The existing "Avestra" was translated and written in the Palavi (Borapo) of medieval Persian language after the ninth century. It is composed of several scattered classics and is divided into six parts: 1. Jesna, that is, the book of sacrifice.The hymns sung by the priests when offering sacrifices to God are the main body of the "Avestor"; among them, "Gatta" (translated as "Song of God" is the ancient part of the entire sutra, with a total of seventeen chapters. The language, rhythm and format it uses are different from other parts of "Avestor", mainly rhyme. Many scholars believe that it is a work in the first half or mid-term or even earlier period of the sixth century BC. It is said that "Gatta" is a record of Zoroasted's own preaching, so it is a must-read scripture for believers in daily life; 2. Visparat, that is, the book of the gods, also known as the book of the small sacrifices, which is about praises of various patron saints, etc.; 3. Vitiveda, that is, the book of exorcism; 4. Yester, that is, the book of praise, which is about praises of various gods and angels; 5. Kurda, also known as the book of Little AvestorThat is, short hymns or prayer books; 6. Other sporadic and fragmentary hymns. From the content, the sutra is a collection of ancient Persian religious myths, legends, history, etc. Some of them appeared before Zoroastrian, and Zoroastrianism was compiled according to its own needs.
In addition, there are classics and historical documents written in Palawi, Persian or local Indian languages: "Nask" is a summary of "Avista" and was written in the ninth century; "Religion Act" is known as the Zoroastrian encyclopedia, which explains the philosophy, morality and history of the religion, and was written in the ninth century; "Genesis" describes the creation of the world, the nature of the creation, good and evil, and the judgment of the end times, etc., and was written in the ninth or eleventh century, with Persian and Indian texts existing.
In addition, the "Islamic Theologian" and "The Legend of Seygan" (the earliest existing manuscript in 1692 years) written by Zoroastrians in Persia after moving to India from Persia to India describe the distribution of Zoroastrianism and the history of its spread to the Indian subcontinent.
The religion uses the symbol of light, fire as the object of worship. Fire is the son of Ahura Mazda, the highest and most powerful thing in God's creation. The purity, glory, vitality, sharpness, whiteness, productivity and other fire symbolizes the absolute and supreme goodness of God. Therefore, fire is the eyes of justice for people. Praise to fire is the primary obligation of believers.
They did not build temples or create statues of gods, but they had full-time priests, called Ma Ge, who were the administrators of the holy fire and sacrifices. They presided over the rituals, performed rituals, and worshiped the holy fire, so that it would never be extinguished. In ancient Persia, the holy fire also had the ranks of priests, nobles, knights and peasants, representing different rights.
Altars are set up in the Zodiac temples in Iran and India, and the sacred fires are also lit in the homes and workplaces of believers. Intricate rituals are held for ignition and preservation of the sacred fires, and special utensils are used.
The most spectacular is the temple built with natural gas in Iran. There are four pipes connecting natural gas wells at the four corners of the temple. There are four torches burning day and night at the four corners of the temple. The daily ignition and preservation of the divine fire must go through complex rituals.
The ritual of rebirth, which stipulates that men and women should hold introductory rituals when they are seven years old (India) or ten years old (Iran), and the priests will give holy shirts and holy belts as flags for believers.
The holy shirt is sewn with white linen, with the front and back sides symbolizing the past and the future, and it means remembering ancestors and benefiting descendants.
The holy belt represents the correct direction, woven with seventy-two wool threads, which can cover the waist three circles in length. The seventy-two branches symbolize the seventy-two chapters of "Avisdo Jesna". The three circles refer to good thoughts, good words and good deeds. The holy shirt and holy belt should be worn for life to show that they will never forget.
Purification rituals can usually be divided into three types: Xiaojing: The believer should wash the exposed parts of his body before and after getting up, drowning, and meals and recite the scriptures; Dajing: During the new life ceremony, marriage or childbirth, he should bathe the whole body under the presidency of the priest; Special ritual: mainly for those who will be engaged in priesthood or carry dead bodies, and two priests must preside over. Under the gaze of a dog, bathe with water, sand, cow urine, etc., to cleanse the filth of the mind and body and drive away evil spirits. It usually lasts nine days.
This religion regards water, fire and earth as sacred, so it opposes water burial, cremation and earth burial and implements sky burial (or bird burial) which is the remains of ancient Persian funerals.
After the believer dies, the body will be sent into the Tower of Silence. The tower is usually built on a hill. Stone slabs are placed on the top of the tower, and there are wells in the tower. The tower is divided into three layers: inside, middle and outside, and the corpses of men, women and children are placed respectively.
During the burial, the clergy and the corpse carryer moved the body naked to the top of the tower, letting the eagle rush peck at all the flesh, and then threw the skeleton into the well hole.
This religion believes that the silence of the tower is a place where all evil gods play. Believers are not allowed to enter the tower. All contacts must perform a ritual of purity.
In fact, the Lonely Tower was rarely used in 1978.
After that, all the remains of Zoroastrians were buried in the cemetery in front of the lonely tower.
The Zoroastrianism was prevalent in Central Asia during the Sassanid Dynasty. In the middle of the century, after Muslims ruled Persia and occupied Central Asia, a large number of believers migrated eastward. The Silla monk Hui Chao passed by Central Asia. In the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Kingdoms", it was recorded that from the Great Shi Kingdom, it was Hu Kingdom, namely Anguo, Cao Kingdom, Shi Kingdom, Shi Mu Kingdom, America, Kang Kingdom... the general affairs of the fire.
At that time, the religion was also popular in Gaochang, Yanqi, Kangguo, Shule, and Khotan in Xinjiang, China.
Records of the Fire Saurus can be found in Chinese classics and historical books before the Tang Dynasty.
However, it is generally believed that Persia was connected to the Northern Wei Dynasty in 518, and the Hua Kingdom (now Kundus City, Amu Henan) adjacent to Persia entered Liang Dynasty in 516. Both countries believed in the Fire Zoroastrianism. Therefore, the Fire Zoroastrianism was introduced to the Han area from 516 to 519 years. The god worshipped by the Fire Zoroastrianism was called the Heavenly God, the Fire Sky God, the Fire God or the Heavenly God Fire God during the Northern Wei and Southern Liang periods. It was not until the end of the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty that it was called the Fire Zoroastrianism, which meant that it was a foreign god.
After the religion was introduced to China, it was supported by the ruling classes such as the Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and Southern Liang. The Empress Dowager Ling of the Northern Wei led hundreds of court ministers and relatives to worship the God of Fire Heaven. The latter lord of the Northern Qi Dynasty personally encouraged himself to serve Hu Tian. Therefore, many temples worshipping the Fire Heaven appeared in Kyoto (Ye, now Linzhang County, Henan), which became a trend for a while.
The emperors of the Northern Zhou Dynasty also personally worshiped Hu Tian and engaged in the customs of the Yi. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou have successively set up officials of the Huo Zha Buddhism in the Honglu Temple.
The Tang Dynasty established the Zodiac temple in the eastern and western Kyotos, with two in Tokyo and four in Xijing.
In these temples, Shanghu prayed for blessings, cooked pigs and sheep, pipa and drums and flutes, and sang and danced drunk for a while.
In addition, there are also temples everywhere in the states in Jixi on the Silk Road.
The Tang Dynasty Temple also had a sacrificial official, Sabaofu, who managed the Fire Era, to preside over the sacrifices.
The officials of the Sapbao Mansion are divided into Sapbao (also known as Sapfu in Chinese historical records), Zozheng, Zozhu, Rufu, and Prefecture. They range from the fourth to the seventh rank, and are held by Persians or believers of ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.
During the Tang Dynasty, China had a vast territory and developed overseas trade. The reason why the Tang Dynasty took this measure was, on the one hand, to respect the religious beliefs and living habits of foreign expatriates; on the other hand, to establish friendly relations with Persia and the Western Regions, and had political and commercial purposes.
In the fifth year of Huichang, the Wuzong banned Buddhism and other foreign religions, while the Fire Apocalypse was also rejected. Many temples of Nestorianism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were demolished, and monks were ordered to return to secular life.
But the ban was lifted in the middle age.
Later, after the Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties, there was still a custom of worshiping the Fire God among the people, and there were also temples in Bianliang, Zhenjiang and other places.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, Chinese classics were rarely seen.
From then on, it basically disappeared in mainland China.
Daena means conscience. After judgment, the good will enter heaven, while the evil will enter hell, and those who are mixed with good and evil will enter the third state, which is dark, without happiness or sorrow.
The second is: all souls must be judged last at the end of the world, and the human soul can be resurrected from sin.
Zoroastrian dualism has had different degrees of influence on Manichi that later became popular in Persia and Central Asia, Semitic religion and Judaism in the Middle East, heretical Gnosticism in Christianity, Pythagoras and Heraclitus in Greek and Roman philosophy.
The main classic of Zent-Avesta is Zent-Avesta, also known as the "Ancient Persian Sutra", which is the only classic for studying Persian religion.
Doctrine is summarized as theological monism and philosophical dualism.
It is believed that there were two kinds of gods in the early days of the universe. The good god was Ahura Mazda, which means the incarnation of wisdom, light, life, creation, good deeds, virtue, order, and truth. The evil god was Angelamann, who was the incarnation of darkness, death, destruction, lies, and evil deeds. In the end, the good god defeated the evil god and became the only master of existence in the world. In addition to recording Iran's religious myths, hymns, rituals, and precepts, the ancient Persian scriptures also include its national origin, history, folk legends, heroic epics, etc.; the descriptions of angels and devils in Persian religion, as well as their apocalyptic concepts and end-day judgments, undoubtedly had a certain impact on Judaism at that time, and were later inherited by Christianity.
The meaning of Avista is the same as that of Indian Vedic children, which is called wisdom, and the meaning of holy special is the commentary.
The sage is the ancient Persian holy language, but this annotation is written in the Pahlavi language, that is, Persian.
It mainly records Zoroasted's life and teachings.
There were originally twenty-one volumes. After Alexander the Great conquered Persia, he believed that the Persians who believed in Zoroastrianism were too brave to fight, so he destroyed all the classics of Zoroastrianism. The only one volume of Avista survived, and a complete twenty-one volume copy left in Greece was later lost.
During the Persian Sassanid dynasty, Zoroastrianism was revived, and this volume of "Avista" was pieced together and completed into twenty-one volumes, but it was no longer the same as the original version.
Vorocchix I of the Salvation Dynasty at the beginning of the third century AD ordered the re-collect and sorting of contents circulating orally in words; after the establishment of the Sassanid dynasty, this work continued, and the twenty-one volumes of "Avista" were finally completed during the reign of Shapur II, which mainly records Zoroasted's life and doctrine.
The existing "Avestra" was translated and written in the Palavi (Borapo) of medieval Persian language after the ninth century. It is composed of several scattered classics and is divided into six parts: 1. Jesna, that is, the book of sacrifice.The hymns sung by the priests when offering sacrifices to God are the main body of the "Avestor"; among them, "Gatta" (translated as "Song of God" is the ancient part of the entire sutra, with a total of seventeen chapters. The language, rhythm and format it uses are different from other parts of "Avestor", mainly rhyme. Many scholars believe that it is a work in the first half or mid-term or even earlier period of the sixth century BC. It is said that "Gatta" is a record of Zoroasted's own preaching, so it is a must-read scripture for believers in daily life; 2. Visparat, that is, the book of the gods, also known as the book of the small sacrifices, which is about praises of various patron saints, etc.; 3. Vitiveda, that is, the book of exorcism; 4. Yester, that is, the book of praise, which is about praises of various gods and angels; 5. Kurda, also known as the book of Little AvestorThat is, short hymns or prayer books; 6. Other sporadic and fragmentary hymns. From the content, the sutra is a collection of ancient Persian religious myths, legends, history, etc. Some of them appeared before Zoroastrian, and Zoroastrianism was compiled according to its own needs.
In addition, there are classics and historical documents written in Palawi, Persian or local Indian languages: "Nask" is a summary of "Avista" and was written in the ninth century; "Religion Act" is known as the Zoroastrian encyclopedia, which explains the philosophy, morality and history of the religion, and was written in the ninth century; "Genesis" describes the creation of the world, the nature of the creation, good and evil, and the judgment of the end times, etc., and was written in the ninth or eleventh century, with Persian and Indian texts existing.
In addition, the "Islamic Theologian" and "The Legend of Seygan" (the earliest existing manuscript in 1692 years) written by Zoroastrians in Persia after moving to India from Persia to India describe the distribution of Zoroastrianism and the history of its spread to the Indian subcontinent.
The religion uses the symbol of light, fire as the object of worship. Fire is the son of Ahura Mazda, the highest and most powerful thing in God's creation. The purity, glory, vitality, sharpness, whiteness, productivity and other fire symbolizes the absolute and supreme goodness of God. Therefore, fire is the eyes of justice for people. Praise to fire is the primary obligation of believers.
They did not build temples or create statues of gods, but they had full-time priests, called Ma Ge, who were the administrators of the holy fire and sacrifices. They presided over the rituals, performed rituals, and worshiped the holy fire, so that it would never be extinguished. In ancient Persia, the holy fire also had the ranks of priests, nobles, knights and peasants, representing different rights.
Altars are set up in the Zodiac temples in Iran and India, and the sacred fires are also lit in the homes and workplaces of believers. Intricate rituals are held for ignition and preservation of the sacred fires, and special utensils are used.
The most spectacular is the temple built with natural gas in Iran. There are four pipes connecting natural gas wells at the four corners of the temple. There are four torches burning day and night at the four corners of the temple. The daily ignition and preservation of the divine fire must go through complex rituals.
The ritual of rebirth, which stipulates that men and women should hold introductory rituals when they are seven years old (India) or ten years old (Iran), and the priests will give holy shirts and holy belts as flags for believers.
The holy shirt is sewn with white linen, with the front and back sides symbolizing the past and the future, and it means remembering ancestors and benefiting descendants.
The holy belt represents the correct direction, woven with seventy-two wool threads, which can cover the waist three circles in length. The seventy-two branches symbolize the seventy-two chapters of "Avisdo Jesna". The three circles refer to good thoughts, good words and good deeds. The holy shirt and holy belt should be worn for life to show that they will never forget.
Purification rituals can usually be divided into three types: Xiaojing: The believer should wash the exposed parts of his body before and after getting up, drowning, and meals and recite the scriptures; Dajing: During the new life ceremony, marriage or childbirth, he should bathe the whole body under the presidency of the priest; Special ritual: mainly for those who will be engaged in priesthood or carry dead bodies, and two priests must preside over. Under the gaze of a dog, bathe with water, sand, cow urine, etc., to cleanse the filth of the mind and body and drive away evil spirits. It usually lasts nine days.
This religion regards water, fire and earth as sacred, so it opposes water burial, cremation and earth burial and implements sky burial (or bird burial) which is the remains of ancient Persian funerals.
After the believer dies, the body will be sent into the Tower of Silence. The tower is usually built on a hill. Stone slabs are placed on the top of the tower, and there are wells in the tower. The tower is divided into three layers: inside, middle and outside, and the corpses of men, women and children are placed respectively.
During the burial, the clergy and the corpse carryer moved the body naked to the top of the tower, letting the eagle rush peck at all the flesh, and then threw the skeleton into the well hole.
This religion believes that the silence of the tower is a place where all evil gods play. Believers are not allowed to enter the tower. All contacts must perform a ritual of purity.
In fact, the Lonely Tower was rarely used in 1978.
After that, all the remains of Zoroastrians were buried in the cemetery in front of the lonely tower.
The Zoroastrianism was prevalent in Central Asia during the Sassanid Dynasty. In the middle of the century, after Muslims ruled Persia and occupied Central Asia, a large number of believers migrated eastward. The Silla monk Hui Chao passed by Central Asia. In the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Kingdoms", it was recorded that from the Great Shi Kingdom, it was Hu Kingdom, namely Anguo, Cao Kingdom, Shi Kingdom, Shi Mu Kingdom, America, Kang Kingdom... the general affairs of the fire.
At that time, the religion was also popular in Gaochang, Yanqi, Kangguo, Shule, and Khotan in Xinjiang, China.
Records of the Fire Saurus can be found in Chinese classics and historical books before the Tang Dynasty.
However, it is generally believed that Persia was connected to the Northern Wei Dynasty in 518, and the Hua Kingdom (now Kundus City, Amu Henan) adjacent to Persia entered Liang Dynasty in 516. Both countries believed in the Fire Zoroastrianism. Therefore, the Fire Zoroastrianism was introduced to the Han area from 516 to 519 years. The god worshipped by the Fire Zoroastrianism was called the Heavenly God, the Fire Sky God, the Fire God or the Heavenly God Fire God during the Northern Wei and Southern Liang periods. It was not until the end of the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty that it was called the Fire Zoroastrianism, which meant that it was a foreign god.
After the religion was introduced to China, it was supported by the ruling classes such as the Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and Southern Liang. The Empress Dowager Ling of the Northern Wei led hundreds of court ministers and relatives to worship the God of Fire Heaven. The latter lord of the Northern Qi Dynasty personally encouraged himself to serve Hu Tian. Therefore, many temples worshipping the Fire Heaven appeared in Kyoto (Ye, now Linzhang County, Henan), which became a trend for a while.
The emperors of the Northern Zhou Dynasty also personally worshiped Hu Tian and engaged in the customs of the Yi. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou have successively set up officials of the Huo Zha Buddhism in the Honglu Temple.
The Tang Dynasty established the Zodiac temple in the eastern and western Kyotos, with two in Tokyo and four in Xijing.
In these temples, Shanghu prayed for blessings, cooked pigs and sheep, pipa and drums and flutes, and sang and danced drunk for a while.
In addition, there are also temples everywhere in the states in Jixi on the Silk Road.
The Tang Dynasty Temple also had a sacrificial official, Sabaofu, who managed the Fire Era, to preside over the sacrifices.
The officials of the Sapbao Mansion are divided into Sapbao (also known as Sapfu in Chinese historical records), Zozheng, Zozhu, Rufu, and Prefecture. They range from the fourth to the seventh rank, and are held by Persians or believers of ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.
During the Tang Dynasty, China had a vast territory and developed overseas trade. The reason why the Tang Dynasty took this measure was, on the one hand, to respect the religious beliefs and living habits of foreign expatriates; on the other hand, to establish friendly relations with Persia and the Western Regions, and had political and commercial purposes.
In the fifth year of Huichang, the Wuzong banned Buddhism and other foreign religions, while the Fire Apocalypse was also rejected. Many temples of Nestorianism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were demolished, and monks were ordered to return to secular life.
But the ban was lifted in the middle age.
Later, after the Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties, there was still a custom of worshiping the Fire God among the people, and there were also temples in Bianliang, Zhenjiang and other places.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, Chinese classics were rarely seen.
From then on, it basically disappeared in mainland China.
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