In the fourth year of Yuanshou (119 BC), Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions again, trying to attract Wusun to return to his former land in Hexi and jointly deal with the Xiongnu with the Western Han Dynasty, but the goal was not achieved. However, the deputy envoys sent by Zhang Qian visited Dayuan, Kangju, Dayuezhi, Anxi, Daxia and other countries. These countries and Wusun all sent envoys to the Han Dynasty to thank the Western Han Dynasty, making the Western Han Dynasty closer to the Western Regions countries.
From then on, the traffic between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions became frequent. The Western Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Western Regions every year, ranging from more than a dozen, as many as five or six, ranging from hundreds to more than a hundred. These envoys not only shouldered political missions, but also carried many Western Han products to carry economic exchanges with the countries of the Western Regions. Commodities represented by silk fabrics in the Western Han Dynasty were continuously transported to the Western Regions, and the Western Regions countries also often sent envoys to the Han Dynasty. The Xiongnu rulers were reluctant to see the strengthening of the connection between the Western Han government and the countries of the Western Regions. They either sent troops or used some Western Regions controlled countries to plunder Han envoys, blocked the roads, and tried their best to destroy the connection between the Han and the Western Regions. In order to ensure the access of the Western Regions, the Western Han government fought a series of wars in the Western Regions.
The historical significance of the Western Regions Protectorate:
1. The Western Regions countries were freed from the cruel rule of the Huns and turned to the Han Dynasty with advanced production technology and relatively developed economy, thus strengthening the link between the economy, politics and culture of the mainland. This connection is undoubtedly conducive to the development of local society and has a profound impact on the formation and consolidation of China's unified multi-ethnic state.
2. The establishment of the Western Region Protectorate made the Han Dynasty the Western Regions command the Western Regions, marking that the Western Regions have since become part of our unified multi-ethnic great country. It is a historical necessity for the long-term economic and cultural relations between the Central Plains and the Western Regions after the pre-Qin period. Since then, the Tianshan Mountains have entered the orderly management of the central dynasty. The Han Dynasty government directly appointed and removed the Western Regions Protectorate, as well as senior officials such as the Wuji School Captain who specializes in the military farming affairs of the Western Regions, and enthroned the local leaders and issued seals to manage local daily affairs. In 1953, a piece of Qiang Chang unearthed from an ancient city site in Xinhe County.The bronze seal is the official seal granted to the Qiang leader by the Han Dynasty at that time. The Western Regions Protectorate organized and led the fight against the Xiongnu invasions. It also implemented military farming in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains to reduce the economic burden of the local ethnic groups and solve the food and accommodation problems of garrisons and commissars and merchants. Shache, Cheshi and Yanqi were the centers of military farming in the Western Regions at that time. Castles were built and beacon towers were established to further expand the Silk Road. The Western Regions Protectorate’s political, economic and military measures strengthened the relationship between the Western Regions and the Central Plains, enhanced the centripetal force of the people of all ethnic groups in the border to the central government, and the changes in political, economic and social life in various parts of the Western Regions were further accelerated.
3. The management form and related policies of the Western Regions Protectorate also became an example for the rulers of the later central dynasties to imitate because it effectively ensured the healthy development of ethnic relations in various parts of the Western Regions. For example, after the Sixteen Kingdoms, Lu Guang, after unifying the Western Regions, imitated the Han Dynasty, set up the Western Regions, and exercised sovereignty. In the Tang Dynasty, after the ethnic groups in the border areas successively ruled under one government, they also set up the Protectorate. There were Andong Protectorate in the northeast of the Tang Dynasty; there were Anbei, Shanyu and other Protectorate in the northwest; there were Anxi, Beiting and other Protectorate in the northwest; there were Baoning and Zhinan Protectorate in the south; there were Annan Protectorate in the south. This was all based on the Han Dynasty and adapted to the needs of further formation and consolidation of China's unified multi-ethnic states, and had a positive historical role.
Overview of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, Anxi and Beiting Protectorate of the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, when the Tang Dynasty eliminated the Uighur and Turkic forces, the Tang Dynasty army extended its tentacles to the Western Regions. Except for Gaochang who was eliminated and was eliminated, all countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Tang government. Soon the Western Regions were ruled by the Anxi Protectorate and Beiting Protectorate for handling. A complete administrative system was established in the Western Regions, and the Western Regions were divided into Longyou Road, and the four towns of Anxi were established as the main cities in the Western Regions. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Jixi Jiedushi was established to rule over the two major Protectorate of Anxi and Beiting. Since then, Xinjiang has become part of the Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty was unable to control the Western Regions, and semi-independent regimes appeared in the Western Regions again. Until the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty in 1759, China once again controlled the areas equivalent to the Western Regions, and after the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Xinjiang. Since then, Xinjiang has become one of China's administrative divisions.
In the Western Regions during the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, in 1206, Temujin, the outstanding Mongolian leader, established the Mongolian Khanate and was respected as Genghis Khan (the monarch of the four seas). Soon Genghis Khan led his army into Xinjiang and enfeoffed the places he conquered to his second son Chahatai, and established the Chahatai Khanate, one of the four major khanates. Among the four major khanates, the Yuan Empire, that is, the Yuan Dynasty, was in the position of the suzerain state, and the Yuan Dynasty emperor was respected as the Great Khan. At the same time, from the late Tang Dynasty (mid-ninth century), a branch of the Uighurs who moved west from the Mongolian Plateau to today's Xinjiang region, was not only integrated with the local indigenous people (belonging to the white race) and some Tufan people and Khitans, and converted to Islam from the tenth century and translated as Uighurs.In addition, it has absorbed the ethnic components of Mongolia, Han, Tibetan, etc. and gradually developed into modern Uyghurs. In the early 14th century, the Chaha-Taiwan Khanate began to split into the east and west parts, including Kashgar and Turpan, and the western part centered on Samarkand, and the vast majority of Xinjiang today are under the rule of the Eastern Chaga-Taiwan Khanate. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Western Regions are still under the rule of the Eastern Chaga-Taiwan Khanate. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Eastern Chaga-Taiwan Khanate evolved into the Yarkand Khanate (1514 to 1678). It was not until the early Qing Dynasty that it was destroyed by the Moxi Mongolian, which evolved from the Oirat. Therefore, during the Ming Dynasty, the Western Regions did not directly fall under the jurisdiction of the central government of the Ming Dynasty, but were under the rule of the ethnic Mongolians in our country.
The jurisdiction of Tibet during the Yuan and Ming dynasties was well known. The Yuan Dynasty set up the Xuanzhengyuan to manage the military and political affairs of Tibet. This was the beginning of Tibet's formal inclusion in my country's territory. The Yuan Dynasty also directly established local military and political institutions in Tibet, called the Xuanwei Envoy Marshal's Office, which belongs to the Xuanzhengyuan and stationed troops to conduct population investigations, dispatch labor troop, and collect taxes. In the Ming Dynasty, Tibet was called Us TibetDuring the Hongwu period, the Ming Dynasty established two commanders in Tibet, namely the commander commander of Uszang and the commander commander of Doganwei. It also had commander commander, Xuanwei, recruitment commander, Wanhu Mansion, Qianhu Institution and other institutions to conduct military and civil affairs. During the Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty also built a post road from Yazhou (now Ya'an, Sichuan) to Uszang and set up post stations, which greatly facilitated the transportation between Tibet and the mainland. Lamaism was prevalent in Tibet. Lamaism was divided into many sects, mainly Red and Yellow Cults. The Red Cult first emerged and was very powerful in the Yuan Dynasty and became the largest sect in Tibet. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Tsongkhapa, a Tibetan monk in Qinghai, founded the Yellow Cult in Tibet. After the rise of the Yellow Cult, the Red Cult gradually declined. During the Yongle period, Tsongkhapa's disciple Shakyamuni also came to Beijing to pay homage and was named the Great MasterDuring the Xuande period, Shakyamuni came to Beijing again and was named Daci Dharma King. Therefore, not only did Tibet be the official territory of our country since the Yuan Dynasty and implemented effective rule, but its jurisdiction over Tibet during the Ming Dynasty was further strengthened.
After the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty royal family retreated to the Mongolian grasslands. At first, the Yuan Dynasty still maintained its name. Those who succeeded the throne were still called emperors. In history, it was called Northern Yuan.In the early Ming Dynasty, Mongolia split into the Tatars, Oirat and Urianha three major tribes. The Tatars lived in the present-day Onen River, Krulun River and Lake Baikal area. The Oirats lived in the present-day Kobdo River, Ertzis River and Junggar Basin. The Urianha tribe lived east of the Xing'an Mountains, west of the Songhua River, south of Hulun Lake, and north of the Silarumlun River. The Urianha tribe joined the Ming Dynasty during Hongwu. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu, set up the commander of the Three Guards of Duoyan, Fuyu, and Taining in his residence, appointed his leader as the commander, and appointed his son Zhu Quan as the King of Ning, guarding Daning to control the Three Guards of Wurianha in the seventh year of Yongle (1)In 19409, the Ming government set up the Nuergandu Commander (hereinafter referred to as Nuergandu) to take charge of Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Ussuri River Basin and Sakhalin Island. From the ninth year of Yongle (1411) to the eighth year of Xuande (1433), Emperor Chengzu of Ming and Emperor Xuande sent eunuch Yi Siha and others to inspect the Nuergan area many times, and built Yongning Temple in Triling. Two stone tablets, "Record of the Imperial Repair of Yongning Temple" and "Reconstruction of Yongning Temple", which record the establishment of Nuergandu and the situation of Yi Siha and others coming here to inspect. It can be seen that the Ming Dynasty has always been in charge of the Northeast region.
Ye Tianchen is relatively familiar with the situation in the Western Regions. According to the records of the Kraft Book of the Small Kingdom Royal Family, the most likely place where the founding king of the Small Kingdom encountered Yuan soldiers was Dayue, Loulan, and Jingjue. These three places were all unknown and strange in history. I don’t know what they got from this trip. After thinking about it, I didn’t think of a way. At this time, a knock on the door came from outside the door. Ye Tianchen opened the door. It was a entourage of Princess Mary. The entourage told Ye Tianchen that Princess Mary and Princess Tracy had confirmed that they would go, so he asked Ye Tianchen to prepare and start his departure.
When Ye Tianchen heard this, his head became wide. This was the situation he was most reluctant to see, but there was no way. He could only be more careful when he traveled.
Since Princess Mary and Princess Tracy are both public figures, if you take a plane directly, it will definitely cause unnecessary trouble. At present, you can only take a private helicopter first, first go to Qatar in the Middle East, and then enter the western Xinjiang of China from Qatar. If it were the past, being able to travel with two beautiful women would of course be a must for Ye Tianchen. However, now this trip is not only related to his own safety, but also to the safety of his mother and queen. Ye Tianchen dare not be careless. His mother Xie Ning'er is his most important relative. Ye Tianchen certainly does not want something to happen to his mother Xie Ning'er.
From then on, the traffic between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions became frequent. The Western Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Western Regions every year, ranging from more than a dozen, as many as five or six, ranging from hundreds to more than a hundred. These envoys not only shouldered political missions, but also carried many Western Han products to carry economic exchanges with the countries of the Western Regions. Commodities represented by silk fabrics in the Western Han Dynasty were continuously transported to the Western Regions, and the Western Regions countries also often sent envoys to the Han Dynasty. The Xiongnu rulers were reluctant to see the strengthening of the connection between the Western Han government and the countries of the Western Regions. They either sent troops or used some Western Regions controlled countries to plunder Han envoys, blocked the roads, and tried their best to destroy the connection between the Han and the Western Regions. In order to ensure the access of the Western Regions, the Western Han government fought a series of wars in the Western Regions.
The historical significance of the Western Regions Protectorate:
1. The Western Regions countries were freed from the cruel rule of the Huns and turned to the Han Dynasty with advanced production technology and relatively developed economy, thus strengthening the link between the economy, politics and culture of the mainland. This connection is undoubtedly conducive to the development of local society and has a profound impact on the formation and consolidation of China's unified multi-ethnic state.
2. The establishment of the Western Region Protectorate made the Han Dynasty the Western Regions command the Western Regions, marking that the Western Regions have since become part of our unified multi-ethnic great country. It is a historical necessity for the long-term economic and cultural relations between the Central Plains and the Western Regions after the pre-Qin period. Since then, the Tianshan Mountains have entered the orderly management of the central dynasty. The Han Dynasty government directly appointed and removed the Western Regions Protectorate, as well as senior officials such as the Wuji School Captain who specializes in the military farming affairs of the Western Regions, and enthroned the local leaders and issued seals to manage local daily affairs. In 1953, a piece of Qiang Chang unearthed from an ancient city site in Xinhe County.The bronze seal is the official seal granted to the Qiang leader by the Han Dynasty at that time. The Western Regions Protectorate organized and led the fight against the Xiongnu invasions. It also implemented military farming in the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains to reduce the economic burden of the local ethnic groups and solve the food and accommodation problems of garrisons and commissars and merchants. Shache, Cheshi and Yanqi were the centers of military farming in the Western Regions at that time. Castles were built and beacon towers were established to further expand the Silk Road. The Western Regions Protectorate’s political, economic and military measures strengthened the relationship between the Western Regions and the Central Plains, enhanced the centripetal force of the people of all ethnic groups in the border to the central government, and the changes in political, economic and social life in various parts of the Western Regions were further accelerated.
3. The management form and related policies of the Western Regions Protectorate also became an example for the rulers of the later central dynasties to imitate because it effectively ensured the healthy development of ethnic relations in various parts of the Western Regions. For example, after the Sixteen Kingdoms, Lu Guang, after unifying the Western Regions, imitated the Han Dynasty, set up the Western Regions, and exercised sovereignty. In the Tang Dynasty, after the ethnic groups in the border areas successively ruled under one government, they also set up the Protectorate. There were Andong Protectorate in the northeast of the Tang Dynasty; there were Anbei, Shanyu and other Protectorate in the northwest; there were Anxi, Beiting and other Protectorate in the northwest; there were Baoning and Zhinan Protectorate in the south; there were Annan Protectorate in the south. This was all based on the Han Dynasty and adapted to the needs of further formation and consolidation of China's unified multi-ethnic states, and had a positive historical role.
Overview of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, Anxi and Beiting Protectorate of the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, when the Tang Dynasty eliminated the Uighur and Turkic forces, the Tang Dynasty army extended its tentacles to the Western Regions. Except for Gaochang who was eliminated and was eliminated, all countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Tang government. Soon the Western Regions were ruled by the Anxi Protectorate and Beiting Protectorate for handling. A complete administrative system was established in the Western Regions, and the Western Regions were divided into Longyou Road, and the four towns of Anxi were established as the main cities in the Western Regions. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Jixi Jiedushi was established to rule over the two major Protectorate of Anxi and Beiting. Since then, Xinjiang has become part of the Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty was unable to control the Western Regions, and semi-independent regimes appeared in the Western Regions again. Until the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty in 1759, China once again controlled the areas equivalent to the Western Regions, and after the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Xinjiang. Since then, Xinjiang has become one of China's administrative divisions.
In the Western Regions during the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, in 1206, Temujin, the outstanding Mongolian leader, established the Mongolian Khanate and was respected as Genghis Khan (the monarch of the four seas). Soon Genghis Khan led his army into Xinjiang and enfeoffed the places he conquered to his second son Chahatai, and established the Chahatai Khanate, one of the four major khanates. Among the four major khanates, the Yuan Empire, that is, the Yuan Dynasty, was in the position of the suzerain state, and the Yuan Dynasty emperor was respected as the Great Khan. At the same time, from the late Tang Dynasty (mid-ninth century), a branch of the Uighurs who moved west from the Mongolian Plateau to today's Xinjiang region, was not only integrated with the local indigenous people (belonging to the white race) and some Tufan people and Khitans, and converted to Islam from the tenth century and translated as Uighurs.In addition, it has absorbed the ethnic components of Mongolia, Han, Tibetan, etc. and gradually developed into modern Uyghurs. In the early 14th century, the Chaha-Taiwan Khanate began to split into the east and west parts, including Kashgar and Turpan, and the western part centered on Samarkand, and the vast majority of Xinjiang today are under the rule of the Eastern Chaga-Taiwan Khanate. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Western Regions are still under the rule of the Eastern Chaga-Taiwan Khanate. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Eastern Chaga-Taiwan Khanate evolved into the Yarkand Khanate (1514 to 1678). It was not until the early Qing Dynasty that it was destroyed by the Moxi Mongolian, which evolved from the Oirat. Therefore, during the Ming Dynasty, the Western Regions did not directly fall under the jurisdiction of the central government of the Ming Dynasty, but were under the rule of the ethnic Mongolians in our country.
The jurisdiction of Tibet during the Yuan and Ming dynasties was well known. The Yuan Dynasty set up the Xuanzhengyuan to manage the military and political affairs of Tibet. This was the beginning of Tibet's formal inclusion in my country's territory. The Yuan Dynasty also directly established local military and political institutions in Tibet, called the Xuanwei Envoy Marshal's Office, which belongs to the Xuanzhengyuan and stationed troops to conduct population investigations, dispatch labor troop, and collect taxes. In the Ming Dynasty, Tibet was called Us TibetDuring the Hongwu period, the Ming Dynasty established two commanders in Tibet, namely the commander commander of Uszang and the commander commander of Doganwei. It also had commander commander, Xuanwei, recruitment commander, Wanhu Mansion, Qianhu Institution and other institutions to conduct military and civil affairs. During the Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty also built a post road from Yazhou (now Ya'an, Sichuan) to Uszang and set up post stations, which greatly facilitated the transportation between Tibet and the mainland. Lamaism was prevalent in Tibet. Lamaism was divided into many sects, mainly Red and Yellow Cults. The Red Cult first emerged and was very powerful in the Yuan Dynasty and became the largest sect in Tibet. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Tsongkhapa, a Tibetan monk in Qinghai, founded the Yellow Cult in Tibet. After the rise of the Yellow Cult, the Red Cult gradually declined. During the Yongle period, Tsongkhapa's disciple Shakyamuni also came to Beijing to pay homage and was named the Great MasterDuring the Xuande period, Shakyamuni came to Beijing again and was named Daci Dharma King. Therefore, not only did Tibet be the official territory of our country since the Yuan Dynasty and implemented effective rule, but its jurisdiction over Tibet during the Ming Dynasty was further strengthened.
After the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty royal family retreated to the Mongolian grasslands. At first, the Yuan Dynasty still maintained its name. Those who succeeded the throne were still called emperors. In history, it was called Northern Yuan.In the early Ming Dynasty, Mongolia split into the Tatars, Oirat and Urianha three major tribes. The Tatars lived in the present-day Onen River, Krulun River and Lake Baikal area. The Oirats lived in the present-day Kobdo River, Ertzis River and Junggar Basin. The Urianha tribe lived east of the Xing'an Mountains, west of the Songhua River, south of Hulun Lake, and north of the Silarumlun River. The Urianha tribe joined the Ming Dynasty during Hongwu. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu, set up the commander of the Three Guards of Duoyan, Fuyu, and Taining in his residence, appointed his leader as the commander, and appointed his son Zhu Quan as the King of Ning, guarding Daning to control the Three Guards of Wurianha in the seventh year of Yongle (1)In 19409, the Ming government set up the Nuergandu Commander (hereinafter referred to as Nuergandu) to take charge of Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Ussuri River Basin and Sakhalin Island. From the ninth year of Yongle (1411) to the eighth year of Xuande (1433), Emperor Chengzu of Ming and Emperor Xuande sent eunuch Yi Siha and others to inspect the Nuergan area many times, and built Yongning Temple in Triling. Two stone tablets, "Record of the Imperial Repair of Yongning Temple" and "Reconstruction of Yongning Temple", which record the establishment of Nuergandu and the situation of Yi Siha and others coming here to inspect. It can be seen that the Ming Dynasty has always been in charge of the Northeast region.
Ye Tianchen is relatively familiar with the situation in the Western Regions. According to the records of the Kraft Book of the Small Kingdom Royal Family, the most likely place where the founding king of the Small Kingdom encountered Yuan soldiers was Dayue, Loulan, and Jingjue. These three places were all unknown and strange in history. I don’t know what they got from this trip. After thinking about it, I didn’t think of a way. At this time, a knock on the door came from outside the door. Ye Tianchen opened the door. It was a entourage of Princess Mary. The entourage told Ye Tianchen that Princess Mary and Princess Tracy had confirmed that they would go, so he asked Ye Tianchen to prepare and start his departure.
When Ye Tianchen heard this, his head became wide. This was the situation he was most reluctant to see, but there was no way. He could only be more careful when he traveled.
Since Princess Mary and Princess Tracy are both public figures, if you take a plane directly, it will definitely cause unnecessary trouble. At present, you can only take a private helicopter first, first go to Qatar in the Middle East, and then enter the western Xinjiang of China from Qatar. If it were the past, being able to travel with two beautiful women would of course be a must for Ye Tianchen. However, now this trip is not only related to his own safety, but also to the safety of his mother and queen. Ye Tianchen dare not be careless. His mother Xie Ning'er is his most important relative. Ye Tianchen certainly does not want something to happen to his mother Xie Ning'er.
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